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Gaussian optics of the lens system
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The concept of four base points and two focal lengths of a lens is generally considered to be Gaussian. To understand these terms, it is envisaged to have a set of parallel rays entering the lens from the left in a direction parallel to the optical axis, one edge of the ray A passing through the lens, in the space of the optical axis at J, and so on, sequentially down Move until the paraxial ray C crosses the optical axis at F1.
If the incoming and outgoing rays of these rays are extended, an "equivalent refractive surface" can be created, which is a plane surrounding the lens axis, which contains all the equivalent refractive points of the entire parallel beam. The paraxial portion of this face is a plane perpendicular to the optical axis, called the principal plane, and its on-axis point P1 is called the principal point. The paraxial image point F2 conjugated with infinity is called the focus, and the longitudinal distance from P2 to F2 is the back focal length f' of the lens.
The parallel beam entering from the right parallel to the optical axis similarly produces another equivalent refractive surface having its corresponding principal point P1 and focal point F1, and the interval from P1 to F1 is called the front focal length f. The distance from the posterior apex of the lens to the point F1 is called the back intercept of the lens. Of course, the distance from the front apex of the lens to the point F1 is called the front intercept of the lens. For historical reasons, the focal length of a compound lens is often referred to as the equivalent focal length, abbreviated as EFL, but the term "equivalent" is redundant and will be omitted later.
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